Myopia Information
Summary of myopia rates and why they are growing globally. The article reviews the roles of genetics, ethnicity, screen time and outdoor time. https://www.nature.com/articles/519276a
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Article from the American Academy of Ophthalmology summarizing some of the research on outdoor time and provides links to several studies. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/children-vision-development
A landmark study in 2015 by the National Institute of Health confirming an alarming increase in the rate of myopia in children in the U.S. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4457538
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Vision Report released from the World Health Organization in 2019 noting the significant increase in myopia globally. https://www.who.int/news/item/08-10-2019-who-launches-first-world-report-on-vision
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A population-based prospective study regarding myopia incidence and lifestyle changes among school children during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2021/07/15/bjophthalmol-2021-319307
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In 2019, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) created the Task Force on Myopia in recognition of the substantial global increases in myopia prevalence and its associated complications https://www.aaojournal.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0161-6420%2820%2931043-5
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Wall Street Journal article regarding myopia changes for children during the COVID pandemic. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-pandemic-made-kids-eyesight-worse-doctors-say-11622484000
New York Times article describing the myopia epidemic.
Myopia Associated Eye Health Risks
Summary of the serious eye diseases associated with higher myopia, including retinal disease, glaucoma and cataracts. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4675264
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Meta-analysis of numerous clinical studies by the National Institute of Health.(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29699985
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Chart which helps describe the diseases associated with myopia. https://reviewofmm.com/relative-risk-of-ocular-disease-secondary-to-myopia
Options for Myopia Management
Article from Bascom Palmer Eye institute describing the treatment options and recommendations for controlling myopia. https://news.umiamihealth.org/en/is-myopia-treatment-right-for-your-child
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Large UK study using night lenses (orthokeratology) to control myopia. https://www.sciencealert.com/contact-lenses-worn-by-sleeping-children-can-prevent-short-sightedness
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Report from the American Academy of Ophthalmology summarizing the use of prescription eye drops to control myopia https://www.aao.org/eye-health/news/low-dose-atropine-kids-with-myopia
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American Optometric Association article discussing multifocal soft contact lenses for myopia control.
Myopia Management Clinical Studies
Article published by The International Myopia Institute detailing clinical trial guidelines and results from studies of various myopia treatments and the importance of measuring axial length. https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2727316#212158393
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The ATOM2 study provides the greatest information on the effectiveness of prescription eye drops on treating childhood myopia. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21963266
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Retrospective 12 year cohort study about the effects of myopia control through the use of night lenses (orthokeratology). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721542
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Summary of a study which concludes that multifocal soft contact lenses were successful in controlling myopia. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31343513